7. Principle and basis for statistical inference: populations and samples, decision theory, basic measures for estimators. 8. Estimation: U and V statistics, unbiased estimators, MVUE, MLE. 9.

A sample is a subset of individuals or items selected from a larger group that are used in statistical testing when population sizes are too large.

Systematic sampling involves selecting a random sample from a larger population at a regular interval.

For populations of this type, the relative efficiencies are compared for a systematic sample of every kth element, a stratified random sample with one element per stratum and a random sample.