Long before whales and sharks, enormous marine reptiles dominated the oceans with unmatched power. Scientists have ...

Ancient oceans teemed with massive marine reptiles, some over ten metres long. These creatures occupied a previously unknown ...

In ecology, the trophic level is the position that an organism occupies in a food chain - what it eats, and what eats it. Wildlife biologists look at a natural "economy of energy" that ultimately ...

The trophic structure of an ecological community is represented by the food web, showing the flow of material and energy among different kinds of organisms. It is a fundamental attribute of the ...

A new paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has measured the “trophic level” of human beings for the first time. Falling between 1 and 5.5, trophic levels refer to where species fit ...

Increasing productivity can have a variety of effects on the abundances of higher trophic levels. Previous work, based on models with one type per trophic level, has suggested that increasing nutrient ...

Predators typically are larger than their prey, and consequently, trophic level should increase with body size. Whereas this relationship has helped in developing predictions about food web structure ...