Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is an effective method for examining ferroelectric materials due to its nanometer-level resolution and high sensitivity, inherited from atomic force microscopy ...

Piezoelectrical materials are utilized in various applications, from biomedical (cardiac, auditory, ultrasound, and numerous biosensors) to advanced electronics—including energy production and storage ...

Force spectroscopy relies on the precise measurement of forces acting on a probe as it interacts with a sample. The key principles of force spectroscopy include: AFM-based force spectroscopy is the ...